Glaucoma is an eye disease in which increased intraocular pressure damages the optic nerve, and if left untreated, it can lead to permanent vision loss. The optic nerve, known as the “vision nerve,” carries visual information from the eye to the brain, and when this nerve is damaged, irreversible vision loss occurs in the visual field. Glaucoma is often called the “silent thief of sight” because it usually progresses without symptoms.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma begins with an increase in intraocular pressure due to the improper drainage of the fluid (aqueous humor) inside the eye. This increase in pressure damages the optic nerve and, over time, may cause vision loss. Although there are different types of glaucoma, the most common are Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Angle-Closure Glaucoma.
Types of Glaucoma
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma:
- It is the most frequently seen type of glaucoma.
- There is a blockage in the drainage channels of the aqueous humor, although the drainage angle remains open.
- It generally progresses slowly and without symptoms.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma:
- The drainage angle of the aqueous humor is narrow or completely closed.
- It may present with severe eye pain, blurred vision, and nausea due to a sudden increase in pressure.
- It requires emergency treatment.
Secondary Glaucoma:
- It develops as a result of another condition, such as eye trauma, inflammation, tumor, or medication use.
Congenital Glaucoma:
- It is a rare type of glaucoma seen in infants.
- It is caused by congenital abnormalities in the eye’s drainage system.
Symptoms of Glaucoma
The symptoms of glaucoma vary depending on the type:
Open-Angle Glaucoma:
- It progresses without symptoms.
- The initial loss occurs in the peripheral (side) vision.
- As the disease advances, central vision is affected.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma:
- Sudden eye pain.
- Blurred vision.
- Redness around the eye.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Seeing halos around lights.
Causes of Glaucoma
While the exact cause of glaucoma is not fully understood, the following factors are considered risk factors:
- High intraocular pressure.
- Advanced age (over 60).
- Family history of glaucoma.
- Systemic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.
- Long-term use of corticosteroids.
- Eye trauma.
- Refractive errors such as myopia or hyperopia.
Glaucoma Diagnosis
Early diagnosis of glaucoma is the most effective way to prevent permanent vision loss. Eye doctors use the following tests for diagnosis:
- Intraocular Pressure Measurement (Tonometry): Measures the pressure inside the eye.
- Optic Nerve Evaluation: Examines the optic nerve for any damage at the optic nerve head.
- Visual Field Test (Perimetry): Determines if there is any loss in vision.
- Examination of the Drainage Angle (Gonioscopy): Evaluates whether the drainage angle is open or closed.
- Pachymetry: Measures the thickness of the cornea, which helps in the correct assessment of intraocular pressure.
Glaucoma Treatment Methods
The goal of glaucoma treatment is to lower the intraocular pressure to prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Treatment varies depending on the type and progression of the disease:
- Medication Treatment:
Eye drops and, in some cases, oral medications are used to lower intraocular pressure. Regular use and doctor supervision are essential. - Laser Treatment:
- Laser Trabeculoplasty: In open-angle glaucoma, this increases the drainage of the fluid.
- Laser Iridotomy: In angle-closure glaucoma, this regulates the flow of fluid.
- Surgical Intervention:
- Trabeculectomy: A new drainage channel is created in the eye to allow the fluid to exit.
- Drainage Implants: Devices are implanted to enable the aqueous humor to exit the eye.
Prevention and Control of Glaucoma
While there is no definitive way to prevent glaucoma, early diagnosis and regular eye examinations are vital in controlling the disease. To protect your eye health:
- Have regular eye examinations after the age of 40.
- If there is a family history of glaucoma, have more frequent check-ups.
- Control systemic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension.
- If you are using corticosteroids, do so under a doctor’s supervision.
- Avoid eye injuries and seek immediate medical attention in cases of trauma.
Glaucoma and Quality of Life
If glaucoma is left untreated, it can cause significant vision loss. However, with early diagnosis and regular treatment, patients can minimize vision loss and maintain a good quality of life. Glaucoma treatment is a lifelong process requiring continuous care and monitoring.
